A breast cancer diagnosis can feel overwhelming, bringing a wave of emotions and questions about what comes next. At PRMA Plastic Surgery, we believe that knowledge is power, and understanding your diagnosis is the first step toward making informed decisions about your care. This guide will walk you through the basics of breast cancer, helping you feel more confident and supported as you navigate this journey.

What is Breast Cancer?

Breast cancer is a disease in which cells in the breast grow uncontrollably, forming a tumor that may be detected through imaging tests or physical examination. These abnormal cells can originate in different parts of the breast, including the milk ducts, lobules, and surrounding tissue. If left untreated, they may spread to other areas of the body.

The most common type of breast cancer is invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), where cancer cells begin in the milk ducts and invade surrounding tissue. Other forms include ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), which is non-invasive but can develop into IDC if not treated, and invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC), which starts in the milk-producing lobules. Additionally, aggressive subtypes such as triple-negative breast cancer and HER2-positive breast cancer require specialized treatment approaches.

Who Gets Breast Cancer?

Breast cancer can affect anyone, though certain factors can increase the risk. While it is more common in women, men can also develop breast cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, approximately 1 in 8 women in the U.S. will be diagnosed with breast cancer in their lifetime. One percent of breast cancers occur in men.

Risk factors for breast cancer include:

• Age: The risk increases with age, with most cases diagnosed in women over 50. However, breast cancer can occur in younger people, too, especially in those with a genetic predisposition.
• Genetics: While a family history of breast cancer can increase risk, most breast cancers occur in individuals without inherited genetic mutations. BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations significantly raise the likelihood, but genetic counseling can help assess your personal risk.
• Hormonal factors: Extended exposure to estrogen and progesterone, such as early menstruation or late menopause, can contribute.
• Lifestyle factors: Obesity, smoking, alcohol consumption, and lack of physical activity may increase the likelihood of developing breast cancer.
• Previous breast cancer diagnosis: A history of breast cancer or certain benign breast conditions may elevate the risk of recurrence or new cancer development.

What are the breast cancer survival rates?

Survival rates for breast cancer have improved significantly in recent years, thanks to advancements in early detection and treatment:

• Localized (has not spread beyond the breast): 99% five-year survival rate
• Regional (spread to nearby lymph nodes): 86% five-year survival rate
• Distant (spread to distant organs): 30% five-year survival rate

While these statistics can be daunting, they emphasize the importance of early detection. Mammograms, self-exams, and awareness of changes in breast tissue can all contribute to earlier diagnosis and improved outcomes and survival rates. Additionally, advances in treatment, including targeted therapies and reconstructive options, help patients not only survive breast cancer but also regain a sense of wholeness and confidence.

What Causes Breast Cancer?

The exact cause of breast cancer is not fully understood, but it develops due to genetic changes that trigger uncontrolled cell growth. While some risk factors are hereditary, others result from lifestyle or environmental influences.

Common causes and contributing factors include:

• Genetic mutations: BRCA1, BRCA2, and other gene mutations significantly increase the risk of developing breast cancer by variable degrees.
• Hormonal imbalance: Estrogen and progesterone exposure over a lifetime may contribute to abnormal cell growth.
• Radiation exposure: Previous radiation treatments to the chest can raise the risk.
• Chronic inflammation: Conditions that cause prolonged inflammation in breast tissue may increase susceptibility.

Breast Cancer Symptoms

Breast cancer symptoms vary from person to person, and some individuals may have no noticeable signs in the early stages. Regular screenings and self-checks help identify abnormalities. Common symptoms include:

• A new lump or mass in the breast or underarm
• Changes in breast size, shape, or symmetry
• Dimpling, puckering, or thickening of breast skin
• Nipple inversion or unusual discharge (including blood)
• Persistent pain in any part of the breast
• Redness, scaliness, or irritation on the breast or nipple

Breast Cancer Stages

Breast cancer is categorized into stages based on tumor size, lymph node involvement, and whether it has spread to other parts of the body. Staging helps determine the most effective treatment plan.

The breast cancer stage depends on:

• How large the tumor is and whether it has spread beyond the breast.
• Whether cancer has reached the lymph nodes near the breast.
• Whether the cancer has spread to distant organs like the liver, lungs, bones, or brain.

Breast Cancer Staging Overview:

• Stage 0: Non-invasive (DCIS), confined to the milk ducts.
• Stage I: Small tumor, minimal or no lymph node involvement.
• Stage II: Larger tumor or cancer has spread to a few lymph nodes.
• Stage III: More significant lymph node involvement, potentially also affecting the skin or chest wall.
• Stage IV (Metastatic): Cancer has spread to distant parts of the body.

How to Choose the Right Breast Reconstruction After Breast Cancer

PRMA offers advanced breast reconstruction techniques, including DIEP flap, high definition DIEP flap, and TruSense® sensation restoration. Our dual-surgeon approach means two San Antonio microsurgeons perform these complex cases instead of just one. This collective expertise decreases surgical and anesthesia time, and ensures the best results while reducing the risk of complications. If you’re considering reconstruction, we invite you to explore your options with our expert team.

At PRMA, we specialize in advanced breast reconstruction, including sensation-restoring and natural tissue techniques. Take control of your breast reconstruction journey—schedule a consultation with PRMA today.